Journal
FEBS JOURNAL
Volume 282, Issue 12, Pages 2267-2278Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/febs.13274
Keywords
antimicrobial; capsid; dengue virus; envelope; fusion; multifunctional proteins; transfection; translocation; virion; virus
Categories
Funding
- Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) [HIVER/0002/2013]
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, Brazil) [471239/2012-7, 306669/2013-7]
- Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ, Brazil) [E-26/111.668/2013, E-26/201.167/2014]
- European Commission [644167]
- Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES, Brazil) [PVE171/2012]
- FCT, Portugal [SFRH/BD/70423/2010]
- FCT, Portugal within the FCT [IF/00803/2012]
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [HIVERA/0002/2013] Funding Source: FCT
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Regardless of the debate on whether there is a place for viruses in the tree of life, it is consensual that they co-evolve with their hosts under the pressure of genome minimization. The abundance of multifunctional viral structural proteins is a consequence of this pressure. The molecular key to multifunctionality is the existence of intrinsically disordered domains together with ordered domains in the same protein. Capsid proteins, the hallmark of viruses, are not exceptions because they have coexisting ordered and disordered domains that are crucial for multifunctionality. It is also frequent to find supercharged proteins (i.e. proteins for which the net charge per unit molecular mass is > +0.75/kDa) among viral capsid proteins. All flaviviruses having annotated proteins in the ExPASy Viralzone database have supercharged capsid proteins. Moreover, cell-penetrating sequences/domains are frequent in viral proteins, even when they are not supercharged. Altogether, the findings strongly suggest that the ability to translocate membranes was acquired, conserved and optimized throughout the evolution of some viral proteins as part of their multifunctionality. The fitness of capsid proteins to translocate membranes carrying genomes was experimentally demonstrated with dengue virus capsid protein. This protein is potentially able to help the fusion process and translocate the RNA genome across the hemifused membrane formed by the viral envelope and the endosomal membrane. In addition, one of the cell-penetrating domains of the capsid protein also has antibacterial activity. This may be reminiscent of parasitic bacteria-bacteria competition for the same host and shed light on the origins of enveloped viruses.
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