Modeling dispersion of emissions from depressed roadways

This paper presents an analysis of data from a wind tunnel (Heist et al., 2009) conducted to study dispersion of emissions from three depressed roadway configurations; a 6 m deep depressed roadway with vertical sidewalls, a 6 m deep depressed roadway with 30 sloping sidewalls, and a 9 m deep depressed roadway with vertical sidewalls. The width of the road at the bottom of the depression is 36 m for all cases. All these configurations induce complex flow fields, increase turbulence levels, and decrease surface concentrations downwind of the depressed road compared to those of the at-grade configuration. The parameters of flat terrain dispersion models are modified to describe concentrations measured downwind of the depressed roadways. In the first part of the paper, a flat terrain model proposed by van Ulden (1978) is adapted. It turns out that this model with increased initial vertical dispersion and friction velocity is able to explain the observed concentration field. The results also suggest that the vertical concentration profiles of all cases under neutral conditions are best explained by a vertical distribution function with an exponent of 1.3. In the second part of the paper, these modifications are incorporated into a model based on the RUNE (Snyder et al., 2013) line-source dispersion model. While this model can be adapted to yield acceptable estimates of near-surface concentrations (z < 6 m) measured in the wind tunnel, the Gaussian vertical distribution in RUNE, with an exponent of 2, cannot describe the concentration at higher elevations. Our findings suggest a simple method to account for depressed highways in models such as RUNE and AERMOD through two parameters that modify vertical plume spread.