Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the bioavailability and neurotoxicity of cypermethrin in zebrafish larvae

In aquatic environment, the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) has been reported to modify the bioavailability and toxicity of the organic toxicants. Nevertheless, the combined toxicity of NPs and the pesticides that were used world-widely still remains unclear. Cypermethrin (CYP), a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, is commonly used for controlling agricultural and indoor pests. Therefore, the effects of titanium dioxide NPs (nTiO(2)) on CYP bio-concentration and its effects on the neuronal development in zebrafish were investigated in our study. Zebrafish embryos (2-hour-post-fertilization, hpf) were exposed to CYP (0, 0.4, 2 and 10 mu g/L) alone or co-exposed with nTiO(2) (1 mg/L) until 120-hpf. nTiO(2) is taken up by zebrafish larvae and also it can adsorb CYP. The zebrafish body burdens of CYP was observed and CYP uptake was increased by nTiO(2), indicating that the nTiO(2) could accelerate the bioaccumulation of CYP in larvae. Co-exposure of nTiO(2) and CYP induced the generation of reactive oxygen species. Exposure to CYP alone significantly decreased the mRNA expression of genes, including glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap), alpha 1-tubulin, myelin basic protein (mbp) and growth associated protein (gap-43). Besides, reductions of serotonin, dopamine and GABA concentrations were observed in zebrafish and the larval locomotion was significantly decreased in response to the lower level of the neurotransmitters. Moreover, co-exposure of nTiO(2) and CYP caused further significantly decreased in the locomotion activity, and enhanced the down-regulation of the mRNA expression of specific genes and the neurotransmitters levels. The results demonstrated that nTiO(2) increased CYP accumulation and enhanced CYP-induced developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish.