Mapping the chromatin state dynamics in myoblasts

Background: Genome-wide mapping reveals chromatin landscapes unique to cell states. Histone marks of regulatory genes involved in cell specification and organ development provide a powerful tool tomap regulatory sequences. H3K4me3 marks promoter regions; H3K27me3 marks repressed regions, and Pol II presence indicates active transcription. The presence of both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 characterize poised sequences, a common characteristic of genes involved in pattern formation during organogenesis. Results: We used genome-wide profiling for H3K27me3, H3K4me3, and Pol II to map chromatin states in mouse embryonic day 12 forelimbs in wild type (control) and Pitx2-null mutant mice. We compared these data with previous gene expression studies fromforelimb Lbx1(+) migratorymyoblasts and correlated Pitx2-dependent expression profiles and chromatin states. During forelimb development, several lineages including myoblast, osteoblast, neurons, angioblasts, etc., require synchronized growth to form a functional limb. Weidentified 125 genes in the developing forelimb that are Pitx2-dependent. Genes involved inmuscle specification and cytoskeleton architecture were positively regulated, while genes involved in axonal path finding were poised. Conclusion: Our results have established histone modification profiles as a useful tool for identifying gene regulatory states in muscle development, and identified the role of Pitx2 in extending the time of myoblast progression, promoting formation of sarcomeric structures, and suppressing attachment of neuronal axons. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.