Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOCHEMISTRY, VOL 87
Volume 87, Issue -, Pages 645-676Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012300
Keywords
copper homeostasis; natural product; metallophore; chalkophore; methanobactin; siderophore; bioinorganic chemistry
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Funding
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCES [R35GM118035] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NIGMS NIH HHS [T32 GM008061, R35 GM118035] Funding Source: Medline
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Copper-binding metallophores, or chalkophores, play a role in microbial copper homeostasis that is analogous to that of siderophores in iron homeostasis. The best-studied chalkophores are members of the methanobactin (Mbn) family-ribosomally produced, posttranslationally modified natural products first identified as copper chelators responsible for copper uptake in methane-oxidizing bacteria. To date, Mbns have been characterized exclusively in those species, but there is genomic evidence for their production in a much wider range of bacteria. This review addresses the current state of knowledge regarding the function, biosynthesis, transport, and regulation of Mbns. While the roles of several proteins in these processes are supported by substantial genetic and biochemical evidence, key aspects of Mbn manufacture, handling, and regulation remain unclear. In addition, other natural products that have been proposed to mediate copper uptake as well as metallophores that have biologically relevant roles involving copper binding, but not copper uptake, are discussed.
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