Journal
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
Volume 57, Issue 35, Pages 11140-11162Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711842
Keywords
hyperpolarization; magnetic resonance imaging; NMR spectroscopy; parahydrogen
Categories
Funding
- NSF [CHE-1416268, CHE-1836308, CHE-1416432, CHE 1665090, CHE-1507230, CHE-1607305]
- NIH [1R21CA220137, 1R21EB020323, 1U01CA202229]
- DOD CDMRP BRP [W81XWH-12-1-0159/BC112431]
- PRMRP [W81XWH-15-1-0271, W81XWH-15-1-0272]
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company Knowledge Build
- Russian Science Foundation [17-73-20030]
- RFBR [17-54-33037]
- Max-Planck-Society
- US National Science Foundation [CHE 1710046]
- Emmy Noether programme of the DFG [HO 4604/2-1, 4604/2-2]
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Cluster of Excellence [EXC 306]
- European Union [642773]
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Kiel
- National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute [P50 CA 094056-14, U54 CA151668, R21CA185536]
- Koch Foundation
- John S. Dunn foundation
- Department of Defense [CDMRP PC110065]
- Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas [CPRIT-RP 150701]
- Pancreatic Cancer Action Network [16-65-BHAT]
- Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC, 2015 TRIDEO call)
- Compagnia di San Paolo (Athenaeum Research 2016)
- NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE [P50CA094056, U54CA151668, R21CA185536, R21CA220137, U01CA202229] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGING AND BIOENGINEERING [R21EB020323] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [1836308] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Chemistry [1507230, 1416432] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Magnetic resonance (MR) is one of the most versatile and useful physical effects used for human imaging, chemical analysis, and the elucidation of molecular structures. However, its full potential is rarely used, because only a small fraction of the nuclear spin ensemble is polarized, that is, aligned with the applied static magnetic field. Hyperpolarization methods seek other means to increase the polarization and thus the MR signal. A unique source of pure spin order is the entangled singlet spin state of dihydrogen, parahydrogen (pH(2)), which is inherently stable and long-lived. When brought into contact with another molecule, this spin order on demand allows the MR signal to be enhanced by several orders of magnitude. Considerable progress has been made in the past decade in the area of pH(2)-based hyperpolarization techniques for biomedical applications. It is the goal of this Review to provide a selective overview of these developments, covering the areas of spin physics, catalysis, instrumentation, preparation of the contrast agents, and applications.
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