Selective Distance-Based K+ Quantification on Paper-Based Microfluidics

In this study, paper-based microfluidic devices (mu PADs) capable of K+ quantification in aqueous samples, as well as in human serum, using both colorimetric and distance-based methods are described. A lipophilic phase containing potassium ionophore I (valinomycin) was utilized to achieve highly selective quantification of K+ in the presence of Na+, Li+ , and Mg2+ ions. Successful addition of a suspended lipophilic phase to a wax printed paper-based device is described and offers a solution to current approaches that rely on organic solvents, which damage wax barriers. The approach provides an avenue for future alkali/alkaline quantification utilizing mu PADs. Colorimetric spot tests allowed for K+ quantification from 0.1-5.0 mM using only 3.00 mu L of sample solution. Selective distance-based quantification required small sample volumes (6.00 mu L) and gave responses sensitive enough to distinguish between 1.0 and 2.5 mM of sample K+. mu PADs using distance-based methods were also capable of differentiating between 4.3 and 6.9 mM K+ in human serum samples. Distance-based methods required no digital analysis, electronic hardware, or pumps; any steps required for quantification could be carried out using the naked eye.