Surgical time out: Our counts are still short on racial diversity in academic surgery

Background: This study provides an updated description of diversity along the academic surgical pipeline to determine what progress has been made. Methods: Data was extracted from a variety of publically available data sources to determine proportions of minorities in medical school, general surgery training, and academic surgery leadership. Results: In 2014-2015, Blacks represented 12.4% of the U.S. population, but only 5.7% graduating medical students, 6.2% general surgery trainees, 3.8% assistant professors, 2.5% associate professors and 2.0% full professors. From 2005-2015, representation among Black associate professors has gotten worse (-0.07%/ year, p < 0.01). Similarly, in 2014-2015,Hispanics represented 17.4% of the U.S. population but only 4.5% graduating medical students, 8.5% general surgery trainees, 5.0% assistant professors, 5.0% associate professors and 4.0% full professors. There has been modest improvement in Hispanic representation among general surgery trainees (0.2%/year, p < 0.01), associate (0.12%/year, p < 0.01) and full professors (0.13%/year, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Despite efforts to promote diversity in surgery, Blacks and Hispanics remain under-represented. A multi-level national focus is imperative to elucidate effective mechanisms to make academic surgery more reflective of the US population. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.