Measuring environmentally sustainable tourist behaviour

This study reveals substantial variation in estimates of the proportion of tourists behaving in an environmentally sustainable manner. Results indicate that the variation is explained by (1) definitions of environmentally sustainable tourist behaviour including or not including intent to protect the environment and (2) the use of either unprompted open-ended or prompted closed questions. The latter are associated with respondent's tendencies to respond in a socially desirable way, thus artificially inflating the occurrence of environmentally sustainable tourist behaviour by as much as 74 per cent. Unprompted open-ended questions are not susceptible to social desirability bias. Future studies into environmentally sustainable tourist behaviour should measure actual observed behaviour. If this is not possible, unprompted open-ended approaches are recommended. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.