Ecotourism development and female empowerment in Botswana: A review

In this paper we review the literature on ecotourism development and women empowerment in Botswana. Using social exchange theory, we argue that ecotourism development has a dual effect of empowerment and disempowerment for Botswana's rural women. On the one hand, we note the potential and opportunities that clearly targeted ecotourism development agenda can present for empowering women. On the other hand, we demonstrate instances of missed opportunities and challenges in the approach arising, among others, from; gender neutral policy (e.g. NES document) and implementation procedures. Giving examples, we subject the different scenarios to the SET framework and scrutinise the rhetoric of 'what is in it for women '. We conclude by calling for more political will on the part of policy makers and implementers to boldly address (and appreciate) the situation of women in society and work towards advancing their interests and promoting their empowerment in ecotourism development. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.