Energy affordability and energy inequality in Europe: Implications for policymaking

The concept of fuel (or energy) poverty is a much-debated topic both at the EU level and in individual countries. However, the specific forms of energy services deprivation differ between European countries. This paper explores an analytical framework of energy poverty at the macro-scale, based firstly on energy services deprivation and secondly on an analysis of energy inequality, where energy inequality relates to the fact that different household groups are not affected in the same way by energy services deprivation. This framework allows for a comparison between EU countries and discloses their relative affectedness. Policy implications with respect to the differing fuel poverty problems and recommendations are discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.