DIVERSE PLANT-INSECT ASSOCIATIONS FROM THE LATEST CRETACEOUS AND EARLY PALEOCENE OF PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA

Little is known about the recovery of terrestrial ecosystems after the end-Cretaceous extinction outside of the Western Interior of North America, relatively close to the 66 Ma bolide impact crater in Chicxulub, Mexico. A previous report showed that in Patagonia, Argentina, insect damage on fossil leaves decreased from the latest Cretaceous to early Paleocene but recovered to pre-extinction levels within ca. four million years. Here, we present the first detailed study of these Patagonian plant-insect associations, key components of terrestrial food webs, during the latest Cretaceous and three time slices from the early Paleocene recovery. The lithologic units studied are the uppermost Cretaceous portion of the Lefipan Formation and the Danian Salamanca and Penas Coloradas formations in Chubut, Argentina. Seven functional feeding groups are present throughout: hole feeding, margin feeding, skeletonization, surface feeding, piercing and sucking, mining, and galling. Fifty damage types (DTs) were present at Maastrichtian localities, and 39-48 were found at Danian localities. Plant-insect associations that apparently went locally extinct at the end of the Cretaceous include several gall, mine, and piercing-and-sucking DTs. Based on our preliminary leaf morphotypes, host plants did not provide refuge for specialized insect herbivores across the K/Pg boundary. Despite a decrease in insect damage diversity after the bolide impact, Danian floras hosted a rich array of DTs, including specialized damage such as mines and galls. Many of these early Paleocene DTs were not found in the terminal Cretaceous, providing evidence for a rapid recovery of plant-insect associations regionally.