Journal
NATURE REVIEWS CANCER
Volume 16, Issue 9, Pages 566-581Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.97
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) [5T32HL007775-22]
- NIH grants [1RO1CA165206, P30-CA016520-35, 5R01CA120409]
- Leukemia and Lymphoma Society
- Parker Foundation
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The immune system evolved to distinguish non-self from self to protect the organism. As cancer is derived from our own cells, immune responses to dysregulated cell growth present a unique challenge. This is compounded by mechanisms of immune evasion and immunosuppression that develop in the tumour microenvironment. The modern genetic toolbox enables the adoptive transfer of engineered T cells to create enhanced anticancer immune functions where natural cancer-specific immune responses have failed. Genetically engineered T cells, so-called 'living drugs', represent a new paradigm in anticancer therapy. Recent clinical trials using T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or engineered T cell receptors (TCRs) have produced stunning results in patients with relapsed or refractory haematological malignancies. In this Review we describe some of the most recent and promising advances in engineered T cell therapy with a particular emphasis on what the next generation of T cell therapy is likely to entail.
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