Journal
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
Volume 28, Issue 33, Pages -Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201802554
Keywords
ITO; metal complexes; organic solar cells; poly(amido amine); PAMAM; work function
Categories
Funding
- Ministry of Education of Singapore [R-284-000-156-112]
- National University of Singapore (NUS)
- Singapore's National Research Foundation (NRF) through the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB)
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The work functions of electrodes can be modified by adding charge transport layers to have good energy level matching with the active materials for organic solar cells (OSCs). Usually, a certain material gives rise to one definite work function of an electrode. In this work it is demonstrated that complexes of poly(amido amine) (generation 3) (PAMAM) with Cu2+ can continuously tune the work function of indium tin oxide (ITO) in a range of 4-5 eV by controlling the ratio of Cu2+ to PAMAM. PAMAM can lower the work function of ITO from 4.60 to 4.07 eV, while Cu2+-PAMAM can increase the work function. The work function increase depends on the Cu2+-to-PAMAM molar ratio, and the work function can be up to 4.96 eV. The Cu2+ effect is ascribed the Cu2+-caused change in the dipole moment of PAMAM. Moreover, this method can be used to continuously modify the work function of other materials, including Ag, Au, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate, and reduced graphene oxide. In addition, PAMAM and Cu2+-PAMAM are investigated as the charge collection buffer materials of non-fullerene OSCs of poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b: 4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione))]:3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene). The power conversion efficiency can reach 9.2%, which is comparable to that using conventional charge transport materials.
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