Characterizing biological impacts at marine renewable energy sites

Tidal energy is a renewable resource that can help meet growing energy demands, but uncertainties remain about potential environmental impacts of device installation and operation. Environmental monitoring programs are used to detect impacts and are a mandatory requirement of project operating licenses in the United States. Because tidal technology is new, studies describing environmental change due to tidal devices are rare, limiting information that can be used to characterize environmental impacts for monitoring requirements. Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) was used to characterize infrequent values from monitoring studies that are potentially associated with impact, defined as relevant biological change as a consequence of human activity, at a tidal energy site. EVA was adapted for monitoring aquatic organisms in the water column using an active acoustic dataset from Admiralty Inlet, a proposed tidal energy site. First derivatives were used to identify extreme value thresholds to improve precision of EVA parameters. Return level plots, which indicate the average period that extreme values are expected to appear, and uncertainty estimates of return level predictions, were generated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations. Managers and site developers could use EVA to characterize rare values that may be associated with impacts, and tailor monitoring programs to include operational protocols for conditions under which these events occur. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.