Journal
ACS NANO
Volume 12, Issue 6, Pages 6032-6039Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02273
Keywords
atomic force microscopy; interlayer engineering; nanoconfined water; energy storage; transition metal oxides
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Funding
- National Science Foundation [1653827]
- National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program [571800]
- Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures and Transport (FIRST) Center
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences
- Ralph E. Powe Junior Faculty Enhancement Award
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The presence of structural water in tungsten oxides leads to a transition in the energy storage mechanism from battery-type intercalation (limited by solid state diffusion) to pseudocapacitance (limited by surface kinetics). Here, we demonstrate that these electrochemical mechanisms are linked to the mechanical response of the materials during intercalation of protons and present a pathway to utilize the mechanical coupling for local studies of electrochemistry. Operando atomic force microscopy dilatometry is used to measure the deformation of redoxactive energy storage materials and to link the local nanoscale deformation to the electrochemical redox process. This technique reveals that the local mechanical deformation of the hydrated tungsten oxide is smaller and more gradual than the anhydrous oxide and occurs without hysteresis during the intercalation and deintercalation processes. The ability of layered materials with confined structural water to minimize mechanical deformation likely contributes to their fast energy storage kinetics.
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