Journal
COGNITIVE SCIENCE
Volume 40, Issue 6, Pages 1382-1411Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12274
Keywords
Sentence processing; Uncertainty; Prediction; Entropy reduction; Surprisal; Competition
Categories
Funding
- Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship
- NSF CAREER [IIS-1150028]
- Div Of Information & Intelligent Systems
- Direct For Computer & Info Scie & Enginr [1150028] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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There is now considerable evidence that human sentence processing is expectation based: As people read a sentence, they use their statistical experience with their language to generate predictions about upcoming syntactic structure. This study examines how sentence processing is affected by readers' uncertainty about those expectations. In a self-paced reading study, we use lexical subcategorization distributions to factorially manipulate both the strength of expectations and the uncertainty about them. We compare two types of uncertainty: uncertainty about the verb's complement, reflecting the next prediction step; and uncertainty about the full sentence, reflecting an unbounded number of prediction steps. We find that uncertainty about the full structure, but not about the next step, was a significant predictor of processing difficulty: Greater reduction in uncertainty was correlated with increased reading times (RTs). We additionally replicated previously observed effects of expectation violation (surprisal), orthogonal to the effect of uncertainty. This suggests that both surprisal and uncertainty affect human RTs. We discuss the consequences for theories of sentence comprehension.
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