Journal
NATURE ENERGY
Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 22-29Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/s41560-017-0033-8
Keywords
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Funding
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB) of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JSPS KAKENHI [JP15H05701]
- Nippon Shokubai Co.
- MEXT [5]
- K computer at RIKEN through HPCI System Projects [hp160075, hp160174, hp160225, hp160080]
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences [16F16051]
- JSPS [26708030]
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Severe safety concerns are impeding the large-scale employment of lithium/sodium batteries. Conventional electrolytes are highly flammable and volatile, which may cause catastrophic fires or explosions. Efforts to introduce flame-retardant solvents into the electrolytes have generally resulted in compromised battery performance because those solvents do not suitably passivate carbonaceous anodes. Here we report a salt-concentrated electrolyte design to resolve this dilemma via the spontaneous formation of a robust inorganic passivation film on the anode. We demonstrate that a concentrated electrolyte using a salt and a popular flame-retardant solvent (trimethyl phosphate), without any additives or soft binders, allows stable charge-discharge cycling of both hard-carbon and graphite anodes for more than 1,000 cycles (over one year) with negligible degradation; this performance is comparable or superior to that of conventional flammable carbonate electrolytes. The unusual passivation character of the concentrated electrolyte coupled with its fire-extinguishing property contributes to developing safe and long-lasting batteries, unlocking the limit toward development of much higher energy-density batteries.
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