Large-Area, Highly Uniform Evaporated Formamidinium Lead Triiodide Thin Films for Solar Cells

Perovskite thin-film solar cells are one of the most promising emerging renewable energy technologies because of their potential for low-cost, large-area fabrication combined with high energy conversion efficiencies. Recently, formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI(3)) and other formamidinium (CH(NH2)(2)) based perovskites have been explored as interesting alternatives to methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI(3)) because they exhibit better thermal stability. However, at present a major challenge is the scale-up of perovskite solar cells from small test-cells to full solar modules. We show that coevaporation is a scalable method for the deposition of homogeneous FAPbI3 thin films over large areas. The method allows precise control over film thickness and results in highly uniform, pinhole-free layers. Our films exhibited a high charge carrier mobility of 26 cm(2) V-1 s(-1), excellent optical properties, and a bimolecular recombination constant of 7 X 10(-11) cm(3)s(-1). Solar cells fabricated using these vapor-deposited layers within a regular device architecture produced stabilized power conversion efficiencies of up to 14.2%. Thus, we demonstrate that efficient FAPbI(3) solar cells can be vapor-deposited, which opens up a pathway toward large-area stable perovskite photovoltaics.