Multielectron Cycling of a Low-Potential Anolyte in Alkali Metal Electrolytes for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Recent efforts have led to the design of new anolytes for nonaqueous flow batteries that exhibit reversible redox couples at low potentials. However, these molecules generally cycle through just a single electron-transfer event, which limits the overall energy density of resulting batteries on account of the undesirably high equivalent weight (i.e., ratio of anolyte/supporting electrolyte molecular weight to electrons transferred). In addition, these anolytes generally require expensive alkylammonium salts as supporting electrolytes for stable cycling, which further increases the equivalent weight of the system. The current work describes the multielectron redox cycling of a low-potential anolyte using alkali metal salts as supporting electrolytes. These studies reveal that potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) dramatically lowers the equivalent weight of the anolyte system while supporting flow cell cycling through two redox events at low potentials for 150 cycles with no detectable degradation.