The use of energy system models for analysing the transition to low-carbon cities - The case of Oslo

More than half of the world's population are living in cities today, and by 2050 almost 75% of the population will live in urban areas. Thus, meeting the energy demand in urban areas in a sustainable way is an important challenge for the future. Oslo wants to show how cities can take leadership in the green change and contribute with innovative ideas and solutions for development of sustainable energy systems. A technology-rich optimisation model has been developed in order to analyse how various energy and climate measures can transform Oslo into a low-carbon city. Consequently, the main focus of this work has been to find optimal ways of reducing the CO2 emissions, and secondly, the energy consumption. (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.