Using simulation to determine standard requirements for recovery rates of fish stocks

In many fisheries settings, managers must reconcile reference points relating to fishing mortality rate with recovery objectives relating to stock biomass. Simulation was used to evaluate the relationship between fishing mortality rate and stock recovery. Simulation was also used to determine feasible recovery times and the circumstances under which fishing mortality rates can be used as a proxy for biomass targets for a range of life history traits. Stock type was as important in determining stock recovery as the level of stock depletion. For most life-history types there was a relatively low likelihood of achieving rebuilding targets unless fishing rates were at least 40% lower than those associated with maximum sustainable yield. The relatively slow response to these levels of fishing mortality needs to be taken into account in recovery plans that aim to achieve a target stock status, and in outcome-based certification standards. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.