Integrating on-site renewable electricity generation into a manufacturing system with intermittent battery storage from electric vehicles

Electricity storage capacity in electric vehicles (EV) can be used to compensate electricity demand/ supply mismatches between (decentralized) variable renewable electricity and manufacturing. However, EVs need to be sufficiently charged for use and removing an EV results in immediate unavailability of stored energy. Effectiveness and challenges, e.g. reduced battery lifetime, for using EV batteries to increase on-site generated electricity demand from a manufacturing system is studied using a simulation approach. Results are compared to load shifting/energy flexibility options offered by the manufacturing system. A case-study based on an existing manufacturing line, on-site generation and EVs is used as application example. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.