Journal
RESEARCH SYNTHESIS METHODS
Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages 281-289Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/jrsm.1239
Keywords
evidence synthesis; graphical tool; methodology; systematic review
Funding
- Wellcome Trust [102432/Z/13/Z]
- Medical Research Council [MR/M014533/1]
- World Cancer Research Fund [RFA 2012/620]
- University of Bristol [MC_UU_12013/9]
- Cancer Research UK [C18281/A19169]
- Wellcome Trust [102432/Z/13/Z] Funding Source: Wellcome Trust
- Cancer Research UK [19169] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [MC_UU_12013/9, MR/M014533/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- MRC [MC_UU_12013/9, MR/M014533/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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Meta-analyses combine the results of multiple studies of a common question. Approaches based on effect size estimates from each study are generally regarded as the most informative. However, these methods can only be used if comparable effect sizes can be computed from each study, and this may not be the case due to variation in how the studies were done or limitations in how their results were reported. Other methods, such as vote counting, are then used to summarize the results of these studies, but most of these methods are limited in that they do not provide any indication of the magnitude of effect. We propose a novel plot, the albatross plot, which requires only a 1-sided P value and a total sample size from each study (or equivalently a 2-sided P value, direction of effect and total sample size). The plot allows an approximate examination of underlying effect sizes and the potential to identify sources of heterogeneity across studies. This is achieved by drawing contours showing the range of effect sizes that might lead to each P value for given sample sizes, under simple study designs. We provide examples of albatross plots using data from previous meta-analyses, allowing for comparison of results, and an example from when a meta-analysis was not possible.
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