Spinal Metastatic Disease: A Review of the Role of the Multidisciplinary Team

Historically, a simple approach centered on palliation was applicable to the majority of patients with metastatic spinal disease. With advances in diagnosis and treatment, a more complicated algorithm has devolved requiring a multidisciplinary approach with institutional commitment and support. We performed a database review including pertinent articles exploring the multidisciplinary management of spinal metastatic disease. The wide variation in clinical presentation and tumor response to treatment necessitates a multidisciplinary approach that integrates the diagnosis and treatment of the cancer, symptom management, and rehabilitation for optimal care of patients with spinal metastases. Advances in the field of radiology have led to earlier and more focused diagnosis of spinal metastasis and acts to guide therapy. Advances in surgical techniques, neurophysiologic monitoring, and anesthetic expertise have allowed surgeons to perform more extensive procedures leading to improved outcomes and reduced morbidity. Radiation oncology input that is essential as external beam radiation therapy can provide significant pain relief. Non-operative measures may include bisphosphonate infusions, management of complications (e.g. hypercalcemia of malignancy), monoclonal antibody infusions, and chemotherapy if indicated in the treatment of the primary malignancy. Input from psychology services is necessary to address the biopsychosocial ramifications of spinal metastasis. Allied health professionals in the form of physiotherapists, social workers, and dieticians also contribute in maximizing patients' quality of life and well-being.