Land sharing not sparing in the green economy: The role of livelihood bricolage in conservation and development in the Philippines

In Southeast Asia's green economy, conservation interventions intensify the production of resources as commodities through land sparing activities and zoning in extensively used landscapes. Such initiatives encounter problems where poor resource users diversify livelihoods in multi-functional landscapes over time. In terms of 'livelihood bricolage' - the mixing, matching and building of portfolios - we describe how forest users enhance security by building dynamic livelihood portfolios based on the economic and socio-cultural considerations of place. Philippine case studies show how disrupting livelihood bricolage in multi-functional landscapes with 'intensifying interventions' spatially constrains livelihood security and, conservation objectives. We conclude that more equitable forest governance supports land sharing with diverse, extensive livelihoods in varied landscapes. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.