Factors Affecting E-Learning Adoption in Developing Countries-Empirical Evidence From Pakistan's Higher Education Sector

E-learning has reshaped traditional education into more flexible and efficient learning in developed nations. However, e-learning remains underutilized and in the rudimentary stages of development in developing countries. Therefore, understanding the critical factors behind the adoption and acceptance of technology is a prime concern in developing countries like Pakistan. This paper provides and examines the adoption and acceptance baseline for e-learning systems by incorporating critical external factors in the technology acceptance model. A conceptual model the Pakistan E-Learning Adoption Model is proposed in the context of higher education. Data were collected from 354 learners at the Virtual University of Pakistan and structural equation modeling was employed to test the research hypotheses. The empirical investigation indicates that computer self-efficacy, Internet experience, enjoyment, and system characteristics are significant predictors of perceived ease of use, while system characteristics are a strong predictor of perceived usefulness. Moreover, the subjective norm is not found to be significant for perceived usefulness. The findings provide practical implications for policy makers, practitioners, and developers in successful e-learning systems implementation.