Journal
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
Volume 8, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00545
Keywords
olfaction; sniffing test; Parkinson's disease; electroencephalographic; Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-III
Categories
Funding
- Camelia Botnar Foundation
- Parkinson Schweiz Foundation
- Bangerter Foundation
- Hedwig Widmer Foundation
- Jacque and Gloria Gossweiler Foundation
- Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft Basel
- Abbvie Inc.
- Amt fur Ausbildungsbeitrage Basel
- Swiss National Science Foundation
- Parkinson Schweiz
- Jacques and Gloria Gossweiler Foundation
- Gottfried und Julia Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation
- Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society
- Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Alliance
- UCB Pharma Inc.
- Roche Inc.
- General Electrics Inc.
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Olfactory decline is a frequent and early non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease ( PD), which is increasingly used for diagnostic purposes. Another early appearing sign of PD consists in electroencephalographic (EEG) alterations. The combination of olfactory and EEG assessment may improve the identification of patients with early stages of PD. We hypothesized that olfactory capacity would be correlated with EEG alterations and motor and cognitive impairment in PD patients. To the best of our knowledge, the mutual influence of both markers of PD-olfactory decrease and EEG changes-was not studied before. We assessed the function of odor identification using olfactory Screening 12 Test (Sniffin' Sticks (R)), between two samples: patients with PD and healthy controls (HC). We analyzed correlations between the olfactory function and demographical parameters, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III), cognitive task performance, and spectral alpha/theta ratio (alpha/theta). In addition, we used receiver operating characteristic-curve analysis to check the classification capacity (PD vs HC) of olfactory function, a/theta ,and a combined marker (olfaction and a/theta). Olfactory capacity was significantly decreased in PD patients, and correlated with age, disease duration, UPDRS-III, and with items of UPDRS-III related to gait and axial rigidity. In HC, olfaction correlated with age only. No correlation with a/theta was identified in both samples. Combined marker showed the largest area under the curve. In addition to EEG, the assessment of olfactory function may be a useful tool in the early characterization and follow-up of PD.
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