Journal
FRONTIERS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Volume 18, Issue 4, Pages 464-484Publisher
ZHEJIANG UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1631/FITEE.1500393
Keywords
Neural networks; Initial value problems (IVPs); Functional differential equations (FDEs); Unsupervised learning; Genetic algorithms (GAs); Interior point technique (IPT)
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We present a neuro-heuristic computing platform for finding the solution for initial value problems (IVPs) of nonlinear pantograph systems based on functional differential equations (P-FDEs) of different orders. In this scheme, the strengths of feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANNs), the evolutionary computing technique mainly based on genetic algorithms (GAs), and the interior-point technique (IPT) are exploited. Two types of mathematical models of the systems are constructed with the help of ANNs by defining an unsupervised error with and without exactly satisfying the initial conditions. The design parameters of ANN models are optimized with a hybrid approach GA-IPT, where GA is used as a tool for effective global search, and IPT is incorporated for rapid local convergence. The proposed scheme is tested on three different types of IVPs of P-FDE with orders 1-3. The correctness of the scheme is established by comparison with the existing exact solutions. The accuracy and convergence of the proposed scheme are further validated through a large number of numerical experiments by taking different numbers of neurons in ANN models.
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