Journal
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 8, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00940
Keywords
transmissible gastroenteritis virus; non-structural protein 14; DDX1; interferon-beta; innate immune response; pattern-recognition receptors
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Funding
- National Key RD Plan of China [2016YFD0500103]
- Key Technology R&D Programme of China [2015BAD12B02]
- National Natural Sciences Foundation of China [31402181]
- Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province [2015CFB519, 2014CFA009]
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Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), an enteropathogenic coronavirus (CoV) of porcine, causes lethal watery diarrhea and severe dehydration in piglets and leads to severe economic losses in the swine industry. Unlike most CoVs that antagonize type I interferon (IFN) production, previous studies showed that TGEV infection induces IFN-I production both in vivo and in vitro. However, the underlying mechanism(s) remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that TGEV infection significantly facilitated IFN-beta production as well as activation of the transcription factors IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappa B) in porcine kidney (PK-15) cells. Screening of TGEV-encoded proteins demonstrated that non-structural protein 14 (nsp14) was the most potent IFN-beta inducer and induced IFN-beta production mainly by activating NF-kappa B but not IRF3. Further analysis showed that nsp14 interacted with DDX1, a member of the DExD/H helicase family. Knockdown of DDX1 by specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly decreased nsp14-induced IFN-beta production and NF-kappa B activation. Furthermore, TGEV-induced IFN-beta production and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression were decreased in cells transfected with DDX1-specific siRNA, indicating the vital role of DDX1 to TGEV-induced IFN-beta responses. In summary, our data revealed a potential coactivator role of host RNA helicase DDX1 to the induction of IFN-beta response initiated by TGEV and demonstrated that nsp14 is an important IFN inducer among the TGEV-encoded proteins.
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