Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122034
Keywords
hormesis; dose-response; biphasic; linear non-threshold; threshold; adaptive response; history of science
Funding
- United States Air Force
- ExxonMobil Foundation
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A historical assessment of the origin of the dose-response in modern toxicology and its integration as a central concept in biology and medicine is presented. This article provides an overview of how the threshold, linear and biphasic (i.e., hormetic) dose-response models emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and competed for acceptance and dominance. Particular attention is directed to the hormetic model for which a general description and evaluation is provided, including its historical basis, and how it was marginalized by the medical and pharmacology communities in the early decades of the 20th century.
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