Thermal Effects in the Brain During Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

We used a three-dimensional magnetic resonance image to model thermal effects in the human brain during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The magnetic field generated by the TMS coil raises the temperature of the brain tissue only slightly, less than 1 degrees C, but the net effect is expected to be even less due to the circulation of cerebro-spinal fluid within the skull and the perfusion of blood, which are not considered in the model.