Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 8, Issue 24, Pages 14909-14919Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07372
Keywords
hydrogel dressing wound biofilm; vesicles; Staphylococcus aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Enterococcus faecalis
Funding
- EPSRC [EP/027602/1]
- European Commission [245500 Bacteriosafe]
- Healing Foundation via the Children's Burns Research Center
- James Tudor Foundation
- Annette Charitable Trust
- QVH Charitable Trust
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [1096378] Funding Source: researchfish
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/I027602/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- EPSRC [EP/I027602/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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The early detection of wound infection in situ can dramatically improve patient care pathways and clinical outcomes. There is increasing evidence that within an infected wound the main bacterial mode of living is a biofilm: a confluent community of adherent bacteria encased in an extracellular polymeric matrix. Here we have reported the development of a prototype wound dressing, which switches on a fluorescent color when in contact with pathogenic wound biofilms. The dressing is made of a hydrated agarose film in which the fluorescent dye containing vesicles were mixed with agarose and dispersed within the hydrogel matrix. The static and dynamic models of wound biofilms, from clinical strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis, were established on nanoporous polycarbonate membrane for 24, 48, and 72 h, and the dressing response to the biofilms on the prototype dressing evaluated. The dressing indicated a clear fluorescent/color response within 4 h, only observed when in contact with biofilms produced by a pathogenic strain. The sensitivity of the dressing to biofilms was dependent on the species and strain types of the bacterial pathogens involved, but a relatively higher response was observed in strains considered good biofilm formers. There was a clear difference in the levels of dressing response, when dressings were tested on bacteria grown in biofilm or in planktonic cultures, suggesting that the level of expression of virulence factors is different depending of the growth mode. Colorimetric detection on wound biofilms of prevalent pathogens (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. faecalis) is also demonstrated using an ex vivo porcine skin model of burn wound infection.
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