Journal
ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
Volume 5, Issue 8, Pages 1311-1321Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/ente.201600646
Keywords
anodes; carbon; electrochemistry; lignin; lithium
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Funding
- U.S. Department of Energy [4000140640, DE-AC05-00OR22725]
- U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food Agriculture [2013-67021-21178]
- Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO)
- DOE Public Access Plan
- NIFA [577238, 2013-67021-21178] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
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Lignin, an abundant organic polymer and a byproduct of pulp and biofuel production, has potential applications owing to its high carbon content and aromatic structure. Processing-structure relationships are difficult to predict because of the heterogeneity of lignin. This work discusses the roles of unit operations in the carbonization process of softwood lignin, and their resulting impacts on the material structure and electrochemical properties in application as the anode in lithium-ion cells. The processing variables include the lignin source, temperature, and duration of thermal stabilization, pyrolysis, and reduction. Materials are characterized at the atomic and microscales. High-temperature carbonization, at 2000 degrees C, produces larger graphitic domains than at 1050 degrees C, but results in a reduced capacity. Coulombic efficiencies over 98% are achieved for extended galvanostatic cycling. Consequently, a properly designed carbonization process for lignin is well suited for the generation of low-cost, high-efficiency electrodes.
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