Journal
JAMA NEUROLOGY
Volume 74, Issue 6, Pages 718-726Publisher
AMER MEDICAL ASSOC
DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.0244
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health [R01 NS097495, R00 AG37573, U01 AG06786, P50 AG16574/P1, P50 AG16574, R01 AG034676, R01 AG11378, R01 AG041851]
- Opus building grant [C06 RR018898]
- Gerald and Henrietta Rauenhorst Foundation
- Alexander Family Alzheimer's Disease Research Professorship of the Mayo Foundation
- Elsie and Marvin Dekelboum Family Foundation, U.S.A.
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IMPORTANCE While amyloid and neurodegeneration are viewed together as Alzheimer disease pathophysiology (ADP), the factors that influence amyloid and AD-pattern neurodegeneration may be considerably different. Protection from these ADP factors may be important for aging without significant ADP. OBJECTIVE To identify the combined and independent protective factors for amyloid and AD-pattern neurodegeneration in a population-based sample and to test the hypothesis that exceptional agers with advanced ages do not have significant ADP because they have protective factors for amyloid and neurodegeneration. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study conducted a prospective analysis of 942 elderly individuals (70->= 90 years) with magnetic resonance imaging and Pittsburgh compound B-positron emission tomography scans enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, a longitudinal population-based study of cognitive aging in Olmsted County, Minnesota. We operationalized exceptional aging without ADP by considering individuals 85 years or older to be without significant evidence of ADP. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES We evaluated predictors including demographics, APOE, intellectual enrichment, midlife risk factors (physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia), and the total number of late-life cardiac and metabolic conditions. We used multivariate linear regression models to identify the combined and independent protective factors for amyloid and AD-pattern neurodegeneration. Using a subsample of the cohort 85 years of age or older, we computed Cohen d-based effect size estimations to compare the quantitative strength of each predictor variable in their contribution with exceptional aging without ADP. RESULTS The study participants included 423 (45%) women and the average age of participants was 79.7 (5.9) years. Apart from demographics and the APOE genotype, only midlife dyslipidemia was associated with amyloid deposition. Obesity, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiac and metabolic conditions, but not intellectual enrichment, were associated with greater AD-pattern neurodegeneration. In the 85 years or older cohort, the Cohen d results showed small to moderate effects (effect sizes > 0.2) of several variables except job score and midlife hypertension in predicting exceptional aging without ADP. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The protective factors that influence amyloid and AD-pattern neurodegeneration are different. Exceptional aging without ADP may be possible with a greater number of protective factors across the lifespan but warrants further investigation.
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