Journal
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY B
Volume 5, Issue 32, Pages 6637-6644Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00695k
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Funding
- NIH New Innovator Award [DP2-HD075698]
- Cancer Center Support Grant [P30 CA008748]
- Anna Fuller Fund
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Young Investigator's Fund
- Frank A. Howard Scholars Program
- Honorable Tina Brozman Foundation for Ovarian Cancer Research
- Expect Miracles Foundation - Financial Services Against Cancer
- Cycle for Survival
- Alan and Sandra Gerry Metastasis Research Initiative
- Commonwealth Foundation for Cancer Research
- Experimental Therapeutics Center
- Imaging & Radiation Sciences Program
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Tow Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology at MSKCC
- Ovarian Cancer Research Fund - Ann Schreiber Mentored Investigator Award [370463]
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Carbon nanotube-based molecular probes, imaging agents, and biosensors in cells and in vivo continue to garner interest as investigational tools and clinical devices due to their unique photophysical properties. Surface chemistry modulation of nanotubes plays a critical role in determining stability and interaction with biological systems both in vitro and in vivo. Among the many parameters that influence the biological fate of nanomaterials, surface charge is particularly influential due to direct electrostatic interactions with components of the cell membrane as well as proteins in the serum, which coat the nanoparticle surface in a protein corona and alter nanoparticle-cell interactions. Here, we modulated functional moieties on a helical polycarbodiimide polymer backbone that non-covalently suspended the nanotubes in aqueous media. By derivatizing the polymer with either primary amine or carboxylic acid side chains, we obtained nanotube complexes that present net surface charges of opposite polarity at physiological pH. Using these materials, we found that the uptake of carbon nanotubes in these cells is highly dependent on charge, with cationic nanotubes efficiently internalized into cells compared to the anionic nanotubes. Furthermore, we found that serum proteins drastically influenced cell uptake of the anionic nanotubes, while the effect was not prominent for the cationic nanotubes. Our findings have implications for improved engineering of drug delivery devices, molecular probes, and biosensors.
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