Journal
DESALINATION
Volume 401, Issue -, Pages 230-237Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2016.08.014
Keywords
Forward osmosis (FO); Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO); Scaling control; Reverse solute diffusion (RSD); Draw solution chemistry; Anti-scaling precursors
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Funding
- Singapore Ministry of Education [MOE2011-T2-2-035, ARC 3/12]
- Strategic Research Theme (Clean Energy) of the University of Hong Kong
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We explored the specific role of reverse solute diffusion (RSD) on the scaling in osmotically-driven membrane processes (particularly forward osmosis (FO)). Both scaling precursors (e.g., Ca2+ and phosphate) and anti-scaling precursors (e.g., H+ and a chelating agent ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)) were used to investigate the effect of RSD and draw solution chemistry on calcium phosphate scaling. While draw solutions containing Ca2+ tend to promote calcium phosphate scaling, this effect was noticeable only if the specific RSD of Ca2+ (i.e., the ratio of Ca2+ flux to water flux) was greater than the original Ca2+ concentration in the feed water. The RSD of H+ and EDTA effectively suppressed scaling. For the first time, we demonstrated a new scaling control strategy for FO by the inclusion of anti-scaling functions in the draw solution chemistry. Our work has important implications for the design and operation of FO processes. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All tights reserved.
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