Journal
CARBON
Volume 111, Issue -, Pages 592-601Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.10.043
Keywords
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Funding
- JNTG Corporation
- Korea Research Foundation [NRF-2014R1A1A2053895]
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The effects of nitrogen and oxygen atomic co-functionalization of graphite felt (GF) by ammoxidation reactions for the positive and negative electrodes of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) are investigated. Ammoxidative surface reactions of the pristine-GF with NH3/O-2 results in effective N and O co-doping dominantly with kinetically relevant N and O functional groups; pyrrolic-N, pyridinic-N, and hydroxyl with high site densities. The intrinsic rate measurements reveal that the N and O co-functionalized GF electrodes (referred to as N-GF) afford one to several orders magnitude higher VO2+/VO2+ and V2+/V3+ redox kinetics than the pristine-CF. Notably, the N and O co-functionalization gives rise to 2-3 folds greater reaction kinetics for both half-cell reactions than the conventional electrodes doped only with O functional groups (O-GF) at similar atomic contents. The high electrocatalytic properties of N-GF afford 4-6% greater voltage and energy efficiencies in VRFB than the conventional O-GF electrode at high current density (110 mA cm(-2)) with similar to 38% higher initial charge-discharge capability owing to the significantly reduced overpotential. These results suggest the marked synergetic contributions of N and O co-functionalization of carbon electrode for facilitation of vanadium redox kinetics and the high effectiveness of the simple and scalable ammoxidation-based functionalization protocol. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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