Stable Large-Area (10 x 10 cm2) Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Module Exceeding 10% Efficiency

The commercial manufacturing of perovskite solar modules (PSM) suffers from stability concerns and scalability issues. We demonstrate a hole-conductor-free printable solar module embodiment, which employs a triple layer of mesoporous TiO2/ZrO2/carbon as scaffold, and is infiltrated by a mixed cation lead halide perovskite (5-AVA)(x)(MA)(1-x)PbI3 as a light harvester. Here, hole conductor or Au reflector are not employed, and instead, the back contact comprises simply a printed carbon layer. Upon optimizing the thickness alignment of the triple mesoscopic layer and the design of the active area, the unit cell shows 14.02% power conversion efficiency (PCE) under 100 mW cm(-2) condition, while the larger area of 10 serially connected cells module (10 x 10 cm(2)), shows a 10.4% PCE on an active area of 49 cm(2). Light-soaking stability of 1000 h has been demonstrated, as well as local outdoor stability of 1 month and a shelf-life stability of over 1 year. This paves the way for the realization of efficient and stable large-area PSMs for industrial deployment.