Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 9, Issue 5, Pages 4540-4547Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11427
Keywords
carbon nitrides; photocatalysis; heavy metal; alpha phase; ss phase; oriented attachment; Ostwald ripening
Funding
- CSIRO Office of the Chief Executive Science Leader and Postdoctoral Fellow schemes
- UoM
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Synthesis of carbon nitrides (CNx) by refluxing under nitrogen exhibited mixed growth mechanisms of oriented attachment and Ostwald ripening, leading to the formation of coral reef-like microstructures from spherical agglomerates. Some phase transformation from ss-phase to alpha-phase CNx occurred upon refluxing for 1.5 h, producing a biphasic CNx. The N content relative to C was determined from CHN elemental analysis, and the presence of C=N and terminal groups (i.e., COOH and NH2)was consistent with the Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic results. The sample refluxed for 2.0 h (CNx/2.0 h) had the highest surface area of 24.5 m(2)center dot g(-1) and displayed enhanced adsorption capacities for methylene blue (MB) molecules and heavy metal ions Pb2+ (720 mg center dot g(-1)), Cd2+ (480 mg center dot g(-1)), and As(V) (220 mg center dot g(-1)), which was attributed to the presence of COOH functional groups. CNx samples had a negative surface charge that electrostatically attracted the cationic heavy metal ions as well as MB molecules for subsequent photodecomposition under visible-light illumination. The photocatalytic activity of CNx/2.0 h toward phenol, a common pollutant in aqueous waste, was also demonstrated and a possible photocatalytic route was proposed.
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