Journal
ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
Volume 137, Issue -, Pages 57-63Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.017
Keywords
Antagonistic effect; Mixture toxicity; Concentration addition; Daphnia magna; Organic UV-filters
Categories
Funding
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe Institutional Program [11530, 2E24280]
- National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST), Republic of Korea [2E24280] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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In freshwater environments, aquatic organisms are generally exposed to mixtures of various chemical substances. In this study, we tested the toxicity of three organic UV-filters (ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, octocrylene, and avobenzone) to Daphnia magna in order to evaluate the combined toxicity of these substances when in they occur in a mixture. The values of effective concentrations (ECx) for each UV-filter were calculated by concentration-response curves; concentration-combinations of three different UV-filters in a mixture were determined by the fraction of components based on EC25 values predicted by concentration addition (CA) model. The interaction between the UV-filters were also assessed by model deviation ratio (MDR) using observed and predicted toxicity values obtained from mixture-exposure tests and CA model. The results from this study indicated that observed ECx(mix) (e.g., EC10mix, EC25mix, or EC50mix) values obtained from mixture-exposure tests were higher than predicted ECx(mix) (e.g.,EC10mix, EC25mix, or EC50mix) values calculated by CA model. MDR values were also less than a factor of 1.0 in a mixtures of three different UV-filters. Based on these results, we suggest for the first time a reduction of toxic effects in the mixtures of three UV-filters, caused by antagonistic action of the components. Our findings from this study will provide important information for hazard or risk assessment of organic UV-filters, when they existed together in the aquatic environment To better understand the mixture toxicity and the interaction of components in a mixture, further studies for various combinations of mixture components are also required.
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