Journal
PSYCHIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
Volume 40, Issue 1, Pages 99-+Publisher
W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2016.10.006
Keywords
Transgender; Feminizing hormones; Feminizing surgery; Gender-affirming care; Cross-sex hormones
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Transgender women and other transfeminine spectrum people may pursue hormonal and/or surgical gender-affirming interventions. Hormone therapy includes androgen blockade and estrogen supplementation. Approaches to hormone treatment vary widely based on patient goals and physiology. Surgical procedures are available, including genital affirmation surgery, breast augmentation, and head or neck feminization procedures. Many people are unable to obtain surgeries owing to prohibitive costs and long waiting lists. Hormonal and surgical therapies improve quality of life and mental health with minimal adverse effects. Ongoing research is needed to improve understanding about specific risks of hormone therapy and surgical outcomes.
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