Journal
REMOTE SENSING
Volume 9, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/rs9121330
Keywords
feature learning; long short term memory; convolution operator; bidirectional recurrent network; hyperspectral image classification
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Funding
- Natural Science Foundation of China [61532009, 61522308]
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China [15KJA520001]
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This paper proposes a novel deep learning framework named bidirectional- convolutional long short term memory ( Bi- CLSTM) network to automatically learn the spectral- spatial features from hyperspectral images ( HSIs). In the network, the issue of spectral feature extraction is considered as a sequence learning problem, and a recurrent connection operator across the spectral domain is used to address it. Meanwhile, inspired from the widely used convolutional neural network ( CNN), a convolution operator across the spatial domain is incorporated into the network to extract the spatial feature. In addition, to sufficiently capture the spectral information, a bidirectional recurrent connection is proposed. In the classification phase, the learned features are concatenated into a vector and fed to a Softmax classifier via a fully- connected operator. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed Bi- CLSTM framework, we compare it with six state- of- the- art methods, including the popular 3D- CNN model, on three widely used HSIs ( i. e., Indian Pines, Pavia University, and Kennedy Space Center). The obtained results show that Bi- CLSTM can improve the classification performance by almost 1.5% as compared to 3D- CNN.
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