Journal
BIOESSAYS
Volume 39, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600233
Keywords
chromosome architecture; gene regulation; insulators; looped domain; loop topology; TADs
Categories
Funding
- NIH [GM050231, GM117458]
- NSF [MCB-0818118]
- Russian Federation Ministry of Education and Science [14.B25.31.0022]
- Russian Science Foundation [14-24-00166]
- [GM043432]
- Russian Science Foundation [17-24-00019] Funding Source: Russian Science Foundation
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Chromosomes in multicellular animals are subdivided into a series of looped domains. In addition to being the underlying principle for organizing the chromatin fiber, looping is critical for processes ranging from gene regulation to recombination and repair. The subdivision of chromosomes into looped domains depends upon a special class of architectural elements called boundaries or insulators. These elements are distributed throughout the genome and are ubiquitous building blocks of chromosomes. In this review, we focus on features of boundaries that are critical in determining the topology of the looped domains and their genetic properties. We highlight the properties of fly boundaries that are likely to have an important bearing on the organization of looped domains in vertebrates, and discuss the functional consequences of the observed similarities and differences.
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