Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Volume 14, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040354
Keywords
insecticides; herbicides; pregnancy; organophosphates; pyrethroids
Funding
- United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [NIH 1R01ES019547, P30 ES009089, T32 ES023770, K23 ES021471]
- Columbia University's Global Health Initiative
- Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves
- Thrasher Research Fund
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service
- National Institutes of Health [NIH K23 ES021471, NIH ES 000002]
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Use of pesticides by households in rural Ghana is common for residential pest control, agricultural use, and for the reduction of vectors carrying disease. However, few data are available about exposure to pesticides among this population. Our objective was to quantify urinary concentrations of metabolites of organophosphate (OP), pyrethroid, and select herbicides during pregnancy, and to explore exposure determinants. In 2014, 17 pregnant women from rural Ghana were surveyed about household pesticide use and provided weekly first morning urine voids during three visits (n = 51 samples). A total of 90.1% (46/51) of samples had detectable OP metabolites [geometric mean, GM (95% CI): 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol 0.54 mu g/L (0.36-0.81), para-nitrophenol 0.71 mu g/L (0.51-1.00)], 75.5% (37/49) had detectable pyrethroid metabolites [GM: 3-phenoxybenzoic acid 0.23 mu g/L (0.17, 0.32)], and 70.5% (36/51) had detectable 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid levels, a herbicide [GM: 0.46 mu g/L (0.29-0.73)]. Concentrations of para-nitrophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in Ghanaian pregnant women appear higher when compared to nonpregnant reproductive-aged women in a reference U.S. population. Larger studies are necessary to more fully explore predictors of exposure in this population.
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