Journal
BIOMOLECULES
Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/biom7010033
Keywords
tRNA; thionucleoside; 2-thiouridine; 4-thiouridine; 2-methylthioadenosine; cysteine desulfurases; thiouridylase; thiocofactor
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Funding
- National Science Foundation [MCB-1054623]
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Div Of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience [1054623] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Sulfur-containing transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs) are ubiquitous biomolecules found in all organisms that possess a variety of functions. For decades, their roles in processes such as translation, structural stability, and cellular protection have been elucidated and appreciated. These thionucleosides are found in all types of bacteria; however, their biosynthetic pathways are distinct among different groups of bacteria. Considering that many of the thio-tRNA biosynthetic enzymes are absent in Gram-positive bacteria, recent studies have addressed how sulfur trafficking is regulated in these prokaryotic species. Interestingly, a novel proposal has been given for interplay among thionucleosides and the biosynthesis of other thiocofactors, through participation of shared-enzyme intermediates, the functions of which are impacted by the availability of substrate as well as metabolic demand of thiocofactors. This review describes the occurrence of thio-modifications in bacterial tRNA and current methods for detection of these modifications that have enabled studies on the biosynthesis and functions of S-containing tRNA across bacteria. It provides insight into potential modes of regulation and potential evolutionary events responsible for divergence in sulfur metabolism among prokaryotes.
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