Journal
ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
Volume 7, Issue 13, Pages 4951-4962Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3067
Keywords
adaptation; Bolocera sp; deep-sea sea anemone; mitochondrial genome
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Funding
- Special Fund for Strategic Pilot Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDA11030203-2]
- National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars [41322038]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [41576145, 41606170]
- Guangdong Oceanic and Fisheries Science and Technology Foundation [A201601D03]
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The deep sea is one of the most extensive ecosystems on earth. Organisms living there survive in an extremely harsh environment, and their mitochondrial energy metabolism might be a result of evolution. As one of the most important organelles, mitochondria generate energy through energy metabolism and play an important role in almost all biological activities. In this study, the mitogenome of a deep-sea sea anemone (Bolocera sp.) was sequenced and characterized. Like other metazoans, it contained 13 energy pathway protein-coding genes and two ribosomal RNAs. However, it also exhibited some unique features: just two transfer RNA genes, two group I introns, two transposon-like noncanonical open reading frames (ORFs), and a control region-like (CR-like) element. All of the mitochondrial genes were coded by the same strand (the H-strand). The genetic order and orientation were identical to those of most sequenced actiniarians. Phylogenetic analyses showed that this species was closely related to Bolocera tuediae. Positive selection analysis showed that three residues (31 L and 42 N in ATP6, 570 S in ND5) of Bolocera sp. were positively selected sites. By comparing these features with those of shallow sea anemone species, we deduced that these novel gene features may influence the activity of mitochondrial genes. This study may provide some clues regarding the adaptation of Bolocera sp. to the deep-sea environment.
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