Mechanotransmission and Mechanosensing of Human alpha-Actinin 1

alpha-Actinins, a family of critical cytoskeletal actin-binding proteins that usually exist as anti-parallel dimers, play crucial roles in organizing the framework of the cytoskeleton through crosslinking the actin filaments, as well as in focal adhesion maturation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its functions are unclear. Here, by mechanical manipulation of single human a-actinin 1 using magnetic tweezers, we determined the mechanical stability and kinetics of the functional domains in a-actinin 1. Moreover, we identified the force-dependence of vinculin binding to a-actinin 1, with the demonstration that force is required to expose the high-affinity binding site for vinculin binding. Further, a role of the a-actinin 1 as molecular shock absorber for the cytoskeleton network is revealed. Our results provide a comprehensive analysis of the force-dependent stability and interactions of a-actinin 1, which sheds important light on the molecular mechanisms underlying its mechanotransmission and mechanosensing functions.