Journal
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION
Volume 55, Issue 3, Pages 1283-1296Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0947-5
Keywords
Extra virgin olive oil; Hypercholesterolemia; Inflammatory markers; Oxidation; Polar phenols; Rat heart
Categories
Funding
- European Union (European Social Fund-ESF)
- Greek national funds through the Operational Program Education and Lifelong Learning of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) Research Funding Program Heraclitus II-Investing in knowledge society through the European Social Fund
- Experimental Research Center of ELPEN S.A. Pharmaceuticals, Pikermi, Athens, Greece (E.R.C.E.)
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The contribution of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) macro- and micro-constituents in heart oxidative and inflammatory status in a hypercholesterolemic rat model was evaluated. Fatty acid profile as well as alpha-tocopherol, sterol, and squalene content was identified directly in rat hearts to distinguish the effect of individual components or to enlighten the potential synergisms. Oils and oil-products with discernible lipid and polar phenolic content were used. Wistar rats were fed a high-cholesterol diet solely, or supplemented with one of the following oils, i.e., EVOO, sunflower oil (SO), and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) or oil-products, i.e., phenolics-deprived EVOO [EVOO(-)], SO enriched with the EVOO phenolics [SO(+)], and HOSO enriched with the EVOO phenolics [HOSO(+)]. Dietary treatment lasted 9 weeks; at the end of the intervention blood and heart samples were collected. High-cholesterol-diet-induced dyslipidemia was shown by increase in serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacylglycerols. Dyslipidemia resulted in increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels, while glutathione and interleukin 6 levels remained unaffected in all intervention groups. Augmentation observed in MDA and TNF-alpha was attenuated in EVOO, SO(+), and HOSO(+) groups. Heart squalene and cholesterol content remained unaffected among all groups studied. Heart alpha-tocopherol was determined by oil alpha-tocopherol content. Variations were observed for heart beta-sitosterol, while heterogeneity was reported with respect to heart fatty acid profile in all intervention groups. Overall, we suggest that the EVOO-polar phenolic compounds decreased MDA and TNF-alpha in hearts of cholesterol-fed rats.
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