Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 9, Issue 18, Pages 15328-15341Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03987
Keywords
graphene oxide; PEGylation; silver nanoparticles; antibacterial activity; antibiotic resistance; stability; long-term effectiveness
Funding
- National High Technology Research and Development Program of China [2015AA020929]
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFC1200700]
- Beijing Nova Program [Z141107001814071]
- Innovation Foundation of AMMS [2015CXJJ27]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [U1432116]
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The increasing occurrence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, especially superbugs, is compromising the efficacy of traditional antibiotics. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) loaded graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite (GO-Ag) has drawn great interest as a promising alternative antibacterial material. However, GO-Ag nanocomposite often irreversibly aggregates in physiological solutions, severely influencing its antibacterial capacity and practical application. Herein, a PEGylated and AgNPs loaded GO nanocomposite (GOPEG-Ag) is synthesized through a facile approach utilizing microwave irradiation, while avoiding extra reducing agents. Through PEGylation, the synthesized GO-PEG-Ag nano composite dispersed stably over one month in a series of media and resisted centrifugation at 10 000xg for 5 min, which would benefit effective contact between the nanocomposite and the bacteria. In contrast, GO-Ag aggregated within 1 h of dispersion in physiological solutions. In comparison with GO-Ag, GO-PEG-Ag showed stronger bactericidal capability toward not only normal Gram-negative/positive bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus (similar to 100% of E. coli and similar to 95.3% of S. aureus reduction by 10 mu g/mL nanocomposite for 2.5 h), but also superbugs. Moreover, GO-PEG-Ag showed lower cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells. Importantly, GO-PEG-Ag presented long-term antibacterial effectiveness, remaining similar to 95% antibacterial activity after one-week storage in saline solution versus <35% for GO-Ag. The antibacterial mechanisms of GO-PEG-Ag were evidenced as damage to the bacterial structure and production of reactive oxygen species, causing cytoplasm leakage and metabolism decrease. The stable GO-PEG-Ag nanocomposite with powerful and long-term antibacterial capability provides a more practical and effective strategy for fighting superbugs-including pathogen threats in biomedicine and public health.
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